The primary question addressed in this paper is: How would different governance priorities affect the institutional arrangements for a credible financing mechanism in the climate regime? The paper argues that tradeoffs are inevitable in climate finance negotiations, so it is important to recognise them upfront and organise negotiations around the priorities that different sets of countries identify. Such a process would generate alternative institutional designs, each offering a different balance of voice in governance, scale of funding, and timely action.

This paper summarises various estimates of the financial impacts of climate change. It differentiates between studies referring to incremental costs (UNFCCC, World Bank, Oxfam, UNDP, OIES) and those referring to costs expressed as a percentage of global economic output (Stern Review, UNDP, Vattenfall, European Commission, OECD, IPCC). Based on these studies, the paper presents the potential order of magnitude of costs to the EU27, as well as estimations of the role of the public sector in contributing to these costs.

The past decade has seen a surge in research and policy analysis on ways in which technology and finance can support mitigation. Similar studies for adaptation are much more recent, and their results therefore less mature. This is a potential bottleneck in the negotiations towards an agreement in Copenhagen. This paper aims to facilitate discussions on adaptation finance by presenting a summary overview of the current state of knowledge and policy initiatives, and by outlining a number of issues that would need to be considered in the negotiation process.

This report analyses the very broad issue of technology development, demonstration and diffusion with a view to identifying the key elements of a complementary global technology track in the post-2012 framework. It identifies a number of immediate and concrete steps that can be taken to provide content and a structure for such a track.

This report contains an analysis on the review of the EU Emissions Trading scheme from a strategic and an operational perspective. It covers the implementation of the EU ETS undertaken to date, its linkages with investment decisions, the 2006 review and impacts on global carbon markets. The executive summary contains a number of concrete and operational policy recommendations for improving the EU ETS. The recommendations are primarily addressed to EU policy-makers but some of them may also be relevant to other key players influencing the functioning of the EU ETS.